IPSWHT Integrated Petrophysics - How to Derive & Use Capillary Pressure Saturation Height Functions
Explains the industry wide saturation-height method & shows how to derive & integrate ALL routine core plugs & logs correctly for a SCAL, NMR or log based capillary pressure saturation height function
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Intermediate
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About Training
This comprehensive course explains how to derive and use capillary pressure saturation height functions in your daily petrophysical work and how to incorporate them seamlessly into your default evaluations. All aspects of saturation height are covered in detail including selecting samples, corrections, fitting the function, avoiding common mistakes and how to apply the function in the reservoir with core or logs. Porous plate, centrifuge, air-brine, oil-brine, drainage and imbibition and mercury injection (MICP) are covered. Reservoir Types and Reservoir Rock Types, including complex vuggy carbonates, shaly sands and laminates are included.
All commonly used fitting functions are explained and worked through from the simple FOIL (BVW) to the author’s Modified J as well as Lambda, Skelt-Harrison, Brooks Corey and Thomeer with Excel Solver and check plots in daily practicals. Step-by-step workshops in excel and Interactive Petrophysics (IP), from lab to reservoir HPV are the backbone to IPSWHT providing simple reusable templates. The problematic reservoir IFTcosTheta and full integration of each routine core plug with logged resistivity is covered– a unique feature of this course. This process produces a modern, real-world, fully integrated petrophysical model from the {SCAL – RCA – Log driven} equation for use in the geo-model, or well, by angeo-modeler, reservoir engineer or petrophysicist. This provides a uniquely powerful, transparent quality control which focuses and harmonizes team thinking.
A similar process is then explained using any log based Sw from resistivity, NMR, Dielectric or other – a method employed where the petrophysicist believes logs reveal the true reservoir saturation more properly than the available core. The course shows the NMR T2 spectrum can be used to create a detailed, calibrated saturation-height model, far superior to the standard porosity band method.
Training Objectives
- Explain why Saturation Height functions are necessary and their Essential Pre-requisites
- How to select optimal samples for each Rock Type
- Explain and contrast Porous Plate, Centrifuge, Mercury (MICP). Primary Drainage and Imbibition, which and why
- Perform Lab data corrections and vet lab results
- Perform Swht quicklook- just lab results
- Fit all major Functions: Foil, J, Modified J, Lambda, Thomeer, Brooks Corey, Skelt Harrison
- Transplant the function From Lab to Reservoir
- How to use every RCA plug, not crossplot averages. How to integrate resistivity effectively
- When, which logs and how: NMR, Dielectric, Resistivity
- Explain Applications
- Petrophysics < = > Geomodel equation sets; Thin Bed Shaly Sands; Vuggy Carbonates, Tar / Bitumen – what to do; Fractures: how to apply the correct Matrix function; OWC rise and geo-model updates; Interactive Petrophysics software
Audiences
Petrophysicists, geo-modelers, reservoir engineers, core analysts, geologists and engineers who build or use static or dynamic reservoir models. Anyone with a year’s experience with core-log integration.
Bring your laptop with MS Excel.
Instructor
MD
Mark Deakin, PhD
Mark Deakin is a consultant, author and course instructor in Petrophysical Data Integration. He holds a Ph.D. in ‘Integrated Petrophysics’ from London’s Imperial College, is an ex Amoco petrophysicist and has over 30 years’ experience, including 25 years as a course instructor. He has performed over 60 detailed reservoir studies worldwide; primarily in Southeast Asia’s low-contrast pay and carbonate & fractured reservoirs. Deakin’s approach is to identify and rank reserves uncertainties then guide companies towards defensible reserves and optimal development via the application of new technology, targeted data acquisition and the systematic, logical integration of all related data.
After his PhD Deakin authored the first public Integrated Petrophysics course in 1989 which evolved into the industry's benchmark petrophysics training course. This was followed by courses in Carbonate & Fracture petrophysics and three day focused modules on Quick Look Integration Techniques; How to use Modern Logs with SCAL; Low Resisivity Low Contrast Pay; Laminates & Thin Beds; How to use PetroDB effectively and a Renewable Energy.
Deakin's special interest has been using PetroDB (a generic, rock typed petrophysical database) and SCAL Digital Rock Physics with logs to identify Missed Pay and EOR. Since 2010 he has been drawn to the inevitability of Renewable Energy, writing the course Renewable Energy Primer in 2015. He is an active member of SPWLA and occasional lecturer at Curtin University and his consulting company PETROPHYSICS Pty Ltd has offices in Perth, Australia.
Daily Aims
- Intro: Reservoir schematic (initial conditions)
- Intro: Pre-emptive action for Badhole
- Intro: What we need to know, everywhere in our reservoir
- Intro: Conventional Core Analysis (CCA) – what we get
- Intro: Core Cleaning and Drying
- Intro: Gas expansion porosity Boyle's Law Porosimeter
- Intro: Why core data rules
- Special Core Analysis – what we get
- What Special core with what Special Log gives what Special answer?
- MICROPRACTICAL Select the mud, core, log and lab test requirements for an optimal Swht evaluation
- Pre-requisites: Even in good quality reservoir porosity error is amplified via Sw, k and Netpay
- WHY Saturation Height (Swht)
- WHAT is Capillary Pressure (Pc)
- Lab to Reservoir: Initial conditions capillary pressure does not depend upon rock quality – Pc is created by buoyancy
- Swht is IMPORTANT!
- Which Pc-Sw curve?
- Determine FWL
- Pc: WFTs provide FWL, Ht, Pc=0: Actual Reservoir Capillary Pressure, Height above free water level & Mobile Fluid Type
- Pc: Excess Pressure = Capillary Pressure
- The Hydrophilic Logging Tool: 2 pressures, One depth > FWL > Swht
- MICROPRACTICAL. FWL from single WFT point
- What is Capillary Pressure?
- Swpc: Capillary Pressure, wetting phase (water) saturation decreases with increasing Pc
- Swpc: Poor Reservoir Qualities retain more water and have thick Transition Zones
- Capillary Pressure Saturations - 4 controls on Sh
- Lab Reservoir - what height gives the same Sw as the Pc in your lab function? (not the same Pc, the same Sw)
- You will need Swht during log analysis if Sw log analysis (Swrt) Uncertainty Increased by which add value to Swht
- Non Archie conditions complicate Swrt which adds value to Swht
- Is Swht better than Swrt? Malay Basin shaly sands
- MICROPRACTICAL
- Swht modelling should use SCAL, RCA, Logs and possibly seismic to populate the geo model
- ESSENTIAL PRE-REQUISITES
- Swht pre-requisites: Applying Swht via RCA requires machine sampled (whole rock) RCA
- Swht Lab Prep: Consider cutting rotary side-wall cores after main HPV units have been identified to improve log inputs
- Swht pre-requisites: RCA
- Swht pre-requisites: Core–Log Equality, Machine - Sampled RCA
- Swht pre-requisites: for Integration: Core = Log
- Swht pre-requisites: Reservoir Types: Petrophysical Data Acquisition for Swht fails if
- Swht Lab Prep: RCA, typical laboratory process
- Swht Lab Prep: The same cleaning & drying for SCAL & RCA
- Swht Lab Prep: correct your RCA to Overburden Porosity Uniaxial Compaction Correction
- Swht Lab Prep: Overburden Porosity simple but often wrong, check yours.
- This software package demo well is wrong! Core=24, Log=22
- Swht : Porosity measurements compared
- MICROPRACTICAL – Matrix porosity Error in tight carbonates
- IPSWHT – Evaluation Sequence
- RESERVOIR TYPES and RESERVOIR ROCK TYPES
- What is your Petrophysical Reservoir Type?
- What is your Reservoir Type? Contd..
- What is your Reservoir Type? Contd..
- RESERVOIR ROCK TYPES (RRTs)
- Reservoir Rock Typing (RRT) for Swht – Process 1, 2, 3
- Reservoir Rock Typing (RRT) for Swht
- RRT for Swht
- Data should cover cores and logs
- RRT for Swht: Why you need Rock Typing or use BVH for k
- RRT for Swht contd. Carbonate cautions
- RRT for Swht – carbonate reality can be complex!
- RRT for Swht contd.
- RRT for Swht: mercury injection data reveals PTSD
- RRT for Swht: vugs often invalidate Swht calculations. Why?
- Reservoir Rock Typing for Swht – Try J trends first
- The Swht Function: cornerstone of the Reservoir Rock Type Equation Set
- Summary - Reservoir Rock Typing for Swht
- IPSWHT – Evaluation Sequence
- ACQUIRING LABORATORY CAPILLARY PRESSURE DATA
- SCAL Sample Selection and Apparatus
- Swht Lab Prep: is core Fit for Purpose?
- Swht Lab Prep: sample selection for a given Pc high Surface Area rocks retain more water
- Swht Lab Prep: How NOT to pick SCAL plugs: Are Pc Plugs Representative? Have Anomalous plugs been identified?
- Swht Lab Prep: How to pick SCAL plugs
- Swht Lab Prep: Are you creating misleading input data?
- MICROPRACTICAL
- Hydrocarbon Pore Volume indicates permeability Chart K-4
- Porous plate apparatus the gold standard
- Porous plate: theory, simple
- Porous plate: core overburden Pc & electrical properties
- Porous plate: Problems and Advantages
- Centrifuge: apparatus
- Centrifuge: RPM >Pressure (force per area)
- Centrifuge: Process1
- Centrifuge: Process2
- Centrifuge: Process3 Centrifuge theory – complicated!
- Centrifuge: Sw distribution - observed not calculated
- A Centrifuge sample is like a mini-reservoir with a steep Pc-Sw gradient
- Centrifuge: Problems and Advantages
- Mercury: apparatus, regular core plugs
- Mercury: Process
- Mercury: Theory. Each Pc has a corresponding Pore Throat Radius
- Mercury: problems and advantages
- What height is 200psi Pc lab equivalent to?
- MICROPRACTICAL Which Lab Pc experiment do you prefer and why?
- IPSWHT – Evaluation Sequence
- Lab Data Corrections
- Lab Corrections: Lab data corrections, order
- Lab Corrections: Mercury Closure/conformance
- Lab Corrections: Mercury Pe and Pd
- Lab Corrections: Reservoir overburden stress (all data)
- Lab Corrections: Mercury, Clay Bound Water correction
- Lab Corrections: Mercury capillary pressure data correction for ClayBW only
- Lab corrections: What happens if you don’t correct Mercury?
- DAY Practical
- Mercury data corrections
- Lab Corrections: What is the Capillary End Effect (CEE)? Centrifuge only
- Lab Corrections: CEE corrections
- Lab Recommended Practice to reduce CEE
- Vetting Lab results: basic questions
- Vetting Lab results: Porous Plate
- Vetting Lab results: Centrifuge
- Vett lab results: Is stress vs compaction smooth?
- Vett lab results: Is Sw vs J or Pc smooth?
- Vetting Lab results: Mercury
- Vett lab results: Is k vs Displacement Pressure (Pd) on trend?
- Vett lab results: Is RQI vs Swi on trend?
- Swht QUICKLOOK (pre Function fit)
- Swht Quicklook: arrange your lab Pc data like this
- Swht quicklook: Redisplay lab Pc results as a simple Sw-Ht grid
- Swht: Capillary Pressure Saturations may be inaccurate
- Swht quicklook: Does Swht = Swik4? kair from log derived Ø & Sw irreducible, Chart K4
- IPSWHT – Evaluation Sequence
- HOW TO DERIVE A LABORATORY BASED CAPILLARY PRESSURE SATURATION HEIGHT FUNCTION
- Fit Functions
- BVW FOIL Function – Bulk Volume Water, a simple function of Height (Pc)?
- BVW FOIL Function – easy to understand and use IF one rock type
- BVW FOIL Function – process
- MICROPRACTICAL Core analysis indicates Swi
- Modified J – Deakin. What is J?
- Modified J – Deakin J collapses diverse samples onto one trend
- Modified J – Deakin. What is J? Summary
- Modified J – Deakin, lab data, observe Jsw1
- Modified J – Deakin, lab data fit J-Sw - Swj
- Modified J – Summary Process for Swj
- Modified J – Deakin, key check plots
- Modified J – example
- Sw & HPV predicted by Swj vs core plug Sw_msrd
- Modified J – Rock typing with J for geo-models, J Types
- Modifed J – Can logs identify your RTypes or JTypes?
- Logs could not identify these two trends so the average was used
- Modified J – summary schematic
- How to Use Capillary Pressure Data
- MICROPRACTICAL Sw: Calculate Swi_nmr from Free Fluid and Øt. What assumptions have you made?
- Skelt-Harrison
- Skelt Harrison - process
- Brooks Corey
- Lambda
- Thomeer Analysis Carbonate MICP data
- Pore Throat Size Distribution, Rock Typing, Sw
- Thomeer Equation Parameters
- Determine bvmax, Pd, G for each pore system
- Function Summary For use in petrophysics and geo-model software
- IPSWHT – Evaluation Sequence
- POSITION YOUR LAB RESULTS INTO THE RESERVOIR
- Lab > Reservoir - to position your lab function into the reservoir the Pc=0, FWL must be estimated
- Lab > Reservoir - what height gives the same Sw as the Pc in your lab function? (not the same Pc, the same Sw)
- Lab > Reservoir - IFT*cosq uncertain especially water drive, oil
- Lower Interfacial Tension IFT= Increased HPV
- Lab > Reservoir – IFT typical values
- Lab > Reservoir: Is your reservoir non strongly water wet? ..especially water drive oil?
- Lab > Reservoir: Wetting preferences dictate the amount and distribution of oil and water within the pore network
- Wettability – is oil or water attracted to the rock?
- DAY4 Practical: How to Use Capillary Pressure Data
- Lab > Reservoir: Is your reservoir non-strongly water wet?
- Lab > Reservoir – oil, mixed and oil wet. When..?
- Lab >Reservoir : now we know height we know J.. for every plug
- Lab > Reservoir – J gives every RCA plug has its own Sw, Swj
- Swht integration: Log Ø, Sw, k = Core Ø, Sw, k
- Something to think about.. Do perched water contacts violate capillary pressure Saturation-height assumptions?
- IPSWHT – Evaluation Sequence
- HOW TO DERIVE A LOG BASED SATURATION HEIGHT FUNCTION
- Different options for log based Swht functions
- Log-based Swht Functions without Sw logs input 1)
- Log-based Swht Functions without Sw logs input 2)
- Lucia’s Carbonate generic Swht functions, interparticle porosity
- Swht Sensitivites xls. How does each input affect BVH? Powerful
- Log Based Saturation Height Functions
- Resistivity Based Functions
- Log-based Swht: Resistivity log Swht functions
- Log-based Swht: Typical causes of Swht≠Swrt
- Log based Swht – Reconcile and improve with Swlogs
- Log Based Saturation Height Functions
- Volume Based Log Functions
- Volume log methods
- Volume log Swht - Magnetic Resonance Swi
- NMR Swht - Each T2 bin, is a Pc bin, is a Ht bin so bins fill with increasing Ht
- Volume log Swht – NMR, think Swht
- Log-based Swht functions – Careful with vugs & BVH! Can NMR find vugs?
- Vugs, Swht and HPV
- Lab to Reservoir: Swrt agrees with Swht
- Log-based Swht functions – Ecoscope, Sigma BVW saline, microporous carbonates
- Swht equation chain sensitivities xls – Locate feasible error
- IPSWHT – Evaluation Sequence
- Swht APPLICATIONS: SOME USES OF CAPILLARY PRESSURE SATURATION HEIGHT FUNCTIONS
- J Type iteration: J value vs. Sw trends can be used to define separate rocktypes (J Types), a practical approach
- Applications: Core-Log n
- Swht application – how to use Swht to calibrate logs
- Core-log common format 'n' definition plot
- Swht application – how to use Swht to calibrate logs.
- Use Swht on the Core-log common format 'n' definition plot
- Swht: Capillary Pressure Sw and ‘n’
- Swht summary SCAL > RCA > Logs > HPV This is integration!
- Swht application: This facies dismissed by buyer until rigorous Swht was applied
- Net: Logs = non-pay or marginal, core = pay: Tested 11mmscfpd. This facies 35% Bulk Rock Vol.
- Swht: One Common Use Equation Set. Log and Geo-model HPVs, kabs, koil. Core = Log = Geomodel (black)
- Applications: Geo model
- Geo-model: A Consistent Geo.model
- Applications: OWC rise
- Saturation height users:
- Systematic errors which ruin your geo.models (chronological)
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